A. The Prophet’s Da’wah in Mecca
Jahiliyah is a term for an era that was legalized for the Arab community of Mecca before Islam (the condition when the Prophet Muhammad was born and received prophetic and apostolic duties). This condition in the cloud is considered an area or area full of polytheism and ignorance (ignorance) so that Allah SWT. sent a prophet and apostle to neutralize it until the condition changed. According to Fuad Jabali, the condition of Mecca which is called by most people as ignorant is considered to have no civilization, or as a place where the law of the jungle applies. As a society involved in global trade, they must have moral conventions such as honesty and openness. Because otherwise, they may not be able to survive trading on a large scale for a long period of time. Liar traders can never trade for long. But also not to deny the existence of problems of moral violations in Arab society. Therefore, Fuad Jabali revealed; The most appropriate measure of ignorance is the absence of revelation, which is a very noble value system revealed by Allah SWT. through the Prophet Muhammad. (Fuad Jabali, 2012:243-244).
The period before Islam is called the period of ignorance because because their life (political and economic culture) was not built on the truth of revelation, but was built on the noble values in society at that time, but the goodness and nobility of those values did not have a true and solid spiritual basis. . Islam came to provide a solid foundation, sometimes without changing the existing form of goodness and nobility, that was the picture of the ignorant society at that time. (Fuad Jabali, 2012:245).
If we interpret the meaning of ignorance like that, then the context of ignorance can exist and occur anywhere, not only in the context of Mecca, it can also happen today, namely when people no longer heed the values of goodness outlined by Allah’s revelation, or Allah’s revelation. It is not used as a reference in our daily behavior, because it may appear that modern jahiliyahs are very diverse.
DAKWAH : The word da’wah comes from the Arabic “da’a yad’u da’watan which means a call, call or invitation. Therefore, the substance of da’wah is to make an invitation, call or call to the way of Allah SWT. right and right. This is in accordance with the Qur’an Surah An-Nahl verse 125:
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Meaning: “Call (people) to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good lessons and argue with them in a good way. Lo! Thy Lord is Best Aware of those who go astray from His Path, and He is Best Aware of those who are guided. (QS.An-Aahl; 16: 125) .
Da’wah in Islam in principle is to invite people to the path of Allah SWT., Which must be continuously done as has been exemplified by the Prophet. He preached for 13 years non-stop until he completed his prophetic and apostolic duties, both in Makkah and in Medina.
Abul Ala ‘Al-Maududi thinks that Da’wah is a divine call and the Prophet invites people to have sacred and great values. Da’wah is to revive human beings, then revive the five senses, the power of observation, the power of taste, the power of creativity, revive the dhamir, conscience and bashirah. To live a balanced human life in terms of knowledge, faith and deeds. Worship, devotion and prayer. (Abdul Azij bin Hajrin: 2012: 1)
Thus the meaning of da’wah is so broad and can be carried out by anyone, including human beings who have received the guidance given by Allah SWT, because essentially humans have the nature to be able to uphold truth and justice. However, to be able to preach properly requires the support of the right strategy.
The Prophet ‘s da’wah in Mecca used various strategies, including through:
1. Preaching in secret;
Da’wah is secretly done in line with the command of Allah SWT. ( Surat as-Shura : 214 ) :
وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ ﴿٢١٤﴾
Meaning: “And threaten your closest family”
At that time, the Prophet invited his family and closest relatives, from his wife, niece, to a close friend known as Assabiqul Awwalun; namely: Khadijah, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Zaid ibn Haritsah and Abu Bakr ;.
With covert preaching, it shows a fairly good development, where the carrying capacity of the Apostle continues to increase, especially the support from his family and friends who are increasing. Just as Abu Bakr continued his invitation to his other close friends until he converted to Islam, they were; Abdul Amar, Abu Ubaidah, Uthman bin Affan, Zubair bin Awam, Saad bin Abu Waqqas and Tahalha bin Ubaidillah.
Da’wah in secret is carried out as a strategy to build strength gradually until the Muslims have the courage to show themselves and finally can preach openly, at the level of this da’wah also a militant community is formed because a strong ukhuwah is fostered through regular meetings which are directly led by Rasulullah SAW.
2. Da’wah openly
After the secret da’wah went well, Allah sent down the message again to continue the da’wah openly through his revelation (QS Al-Muddatstsir: 1-7);
يَا ُّيُّهَا الْمُدَّثِّرُ ﴿١﴾ قُمْ فَأَنذِرْ َ وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ َ وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرْ وَلُّرُّجْزَ فَاهْجُرْ وْلَْ ْلََ
Meaning: “O you who are veiled. Stand up, then threaten. And magnify thy Lord. And your clothes, and you shall be clean. And of immorality you shall stay away. And do not give in order to get much recompense. And for the sake of your Lord, be patient. “Another verse reveals” Therefore continue to be clear with what you are commanded, and turn away from the polytheists. ”
Referring to that verse, the Prophet Muhammad SAW got a new task to do da’wah openly, where his da’wah is no longer hidden but must be done openly.
In carrying out this stage of da’wah, Rasulullah began by gathering Bani Hashim and the people of Quraish, he bravely climbed Mount Safa and explained the basic teachings of Islam on monotheism, faith in the Day of Judgment, against superstition, polytheism and explained about worship- idolatry that does not benefit them and also explains about the madharatnnya (Fika Sulistiani: Blog 03; 51)
According to Haikal , when he spoke on the sofa, he reminded the Quraish with the words “I remind you all, before facing a very severe punishment,” he said. ‘Banu Abdl -Muttalib, Banu’Abd Manaf, Banu Zuhra, Banu Taim, Banu Makhzum and Banu Asad. God commanded me to give a warning to my immediate families, whether in this life or the hereafter. There is no part or benefit that can be obtained except the pleasure of God. I give it to you, other than you say There is no god but Allah. ” (Haikal: 2001: 92,). Such was his speech when he started the da’wah openly, as proof that he was ready and did not hesitate to carry out God’s command, even though he knew and understood the consequences and consequences that he would bear from what he did, but with a strong supply of faith not in the least doubt what will happen to him, because he believes God will be with him. During this period of da’wah, he has also openly declared himself to have converted to Islam from among the infidels of Quraysh, namely: Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib (uncle of the Prophet SAW) and Umar bin Khattab. Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib converted to Islam in the 6th year of his prophethood, while Umar bin Khattab (581-644 AD).
3. Hijrah
Rasulullah SAW. realize bertul, that as a consequence of his preaching will be very much, including harassment and real threats from the Quraish who are so cruel and insulting to the Muslims, because day by day the followers of the Prophet continue to increase and more and more resulting in disturbing the people of Mecca of different religions his beliefs.
As quoted by Anshir, “that after the various harassment and torture of the Quraysh infidels to the Prophet Muhammad, his family, and the Muslim community was so great, the Prophet recommended to his companions and followers to migrate.” (Www // anshir. Com/2012). The Hijrah was organized first to Ethiopia (State of Syria), the second to Tahif and the third to Medina.
Hijrah is considered a da’wah strategy because in this way it can save the ummah and can guarantee the future development of Islam. According to Adityanugroho, “that hijrah is one of God’s extraordinary strategies. Therefore, it teaches us that in preaching there must be a strategy. But that strategy will be weak when it relies on human reason and thinking, whoever he is. That strategy will be strong and superior if it comes from Allah, because His strategy will definitely outperform all humans and those who are hostile to Islam and the Messenger of Allah. Whoever they are. This kind of understanding was taught by Allah to His Messenger from the beginning when he received the trust of da’wah (QS. Al-‘A’raf (7): 182-183, Al-Qalam (68: Al-Jathiyah (45), Al-Muddathir (74 ): 11-17, Al-Muzzamil (73): 11-14 (Adityanugroho: Lessons of Hijrah: 2010: 1).
Hijrah as a strategy initiated by the Prophet with the guidance of revelation from Allah was so successful that Islam was able to dominate the entire Arabian peninsula in a short time.
4. Exemplary
The success of Rasulullah’s da’wah in building the ummah is one of them because of example. In the history of Islam it is revealed that Muhammad before becoming a Prophet and Messenger he had been a person trusted by the Quraish, this is evidenced by the fact that he obtained the title of Al-Amien after successfully reconciling the Arab clans in repairing the damage to the Kaaba and laying black stones, not to mention he became a person who managed to seduce the ummah to trust his personality who was trustworthy and worthy of being an example for most people of that time. For example: When the conquest of Mecca, and Abu Sufyan asked the Prophet SAW “What will be done to the disbelievers of Quraish ?. He simply replied: “Today is a day of love”. After performing the prayer, the Prophet SAW preached in front of the door of the Kaaba: “O Quraish, what should I do?”. They replied “The good, O generous brother, and son of the generous”.
So the Prophet SAW said: “I will say as Joseph said to his brother,” Today there is no insult for you. You are free “. With the gentleness of the Prophet SAW . forgive the mistakes of the infidels, whereas before they often committed terror, torture, and massacre of Muslims.
When the Prophet SAW migrated to Thoif, he was done arbitrarily by the people of Thoif, until his body was full of wounds and blood. However, the Prophet prayed to Allah SWT with full guilt for not succeeding in preaching in the land of Thoif, in his prayer not a single word that offended or condemned the treatment of the people of Thoif against him, he only asked for forgiveness and guidance to Allah SWT. So the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) returned to the city of Makkah, and in the middle of the road the guardian angel of the mountain asked permission from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to drop two hills around Thoif into the midst of the disobedient people. But the Prophet SAW replied: “No, I hope their descendants will become the worshipers of Allah. “Then the Prophet prayed” O GOD give guidance to my people, because they do not know “. With his gentleness, the Prophet SAW forgave the people of Thoif, even the Prophet SAW prayed for them to be given guidance. (Faith Light Blog: March: 2011; p. 1) .
Based on the historical description above, it can be concluded that exemplary is an important part to determine the success of da’wah, as the Messenger of Allah gave an example to his people.
RASULULLAH: Muhammad is Allah’s Apostle for Muslims who has the duty to convey and teach his teachings so that the ummah does not fall into error: As what is revealed in the following verse:
هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولاً مِّنْهُمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِن كَانُوا مِن قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلَالٍ مُّبِينٍ ﴿٢﴾
Meaning: “ He is the One who sent to the illiterate people a Messenger from among them, who recited His verses to them, purified them and taught them the Book and Wisdom (As Sunnah). And verily they were before, in manifest error . (Surat Al-Jumu’ah , 62: 2) .
هُو الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْمُشْرِكُونُ
Meaning: ” It is He who sent His Messenger with guidance and the true religion so that He may prevail over all religions even though the polytheists hate it . ” (Surat al-ashaf , 61:9) .
The two verses above are very clear, revealing that the task of the Messenger of Allah is to give teachings to his people, to keep them clean, holy and not astray, as well as to provide guidance and guidance to the true religion so as not to fall into polytheism.
Prophet Muhammad SAW was commanded by Allah to uphold justice based on a book or law that is absolute, namely the Qur’an:
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Meaning: “Indeed, We have sent Our messengers with clear proofs and We have sent down with them the Book and the balance (justice) so that people may do justice. And We have created iron in which there is great power and various benefits for mankind, and that Allah may know who helps Him and His messengers when Allah sees not. Indeed, Allah is Strong and Mighty. ” (QS. Al-Hadid, 57:25) .
The struggle of the Prophet Muhammad in upholding truth and justice are so persistent and earnest, even though they have to risk their soul, body and material for the sake of upholding the religion of Allah. According to Jalaluddin Rahmat, that Muhammad had changed the dark Arabian lands into an amazing gleam of light. “ What major changes did the Prophet Muhammad see? What sparks of heaven’s light turned the camel herders of the Sahara into conquerors of the world? We can make a long list: from shirk to tawhid; from racial arrogance to equality; from ignorance to science; from injustice to justice; from division to brotherhood; from permissibility to holiness; from oppression of women to respect.
a. From Shirk to Tawhid
The ignorant people are referred to by the Koran as polytheists. They worship various idols. Not just idols of wood and stone. Stars, trees, camels, tribal chiefs, jinn, ancestral traditions, or anything else can be idolized. These idols have shackled society – silenced freedom of speech, numbed critical thinking, and crippled resistance to tyranny. Man offered his submission to many idols. Therefore, they are afraid of many things. Their souls are restless because they have to obey many masters. From the top of Mount Hira descended the Apostle. He brought the word of God: They are not commanded except to worship Allah alone with a sincere religion for Him. (QS. Al-Bayyinah: 5); And your God is one God, there is no god but He, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful (QS. Al-Baqarah: 163). Now the Arabs abandoned all idols and surrendered themselves to God alone. They do not worship anyone but God. They do not love anyone with the pinnacle of love other than God. Their self -esteem arises. The fear is gone. Anxiety is replaced by calm.
As the Muslim army moved towards Persia, a friend was sent to meet Commander Rustam at his palace. This commander was reported to have mocked the Muslim army by saying: “To welcome the camel herders, it is enough for me to send pig herders. “He thinks that the Arabs he is facing are a nation that has not been changed from shirk to tawhid.
The envoys of the Muslim army came in tattered clothes and riding on donkeys. He entered the palace with full confidence. His donkey was dragged into the meeting hall and tied to one of the chairs in the palace. Rustam asked, “What kind of nation are you?” The Companion replied, “Nahnu qawmun ibta’atsana Allâh li yukhrijan nâs minazh zhulumât ilân nûr, min jauwril adyân ilâ ‘adlil Islâm, min’ ibâdatil ‘ibâd ilâ’ ibâdatillâhi wahdah. We are a nation chosen by God to bring mankind out of darkness into light, from the tyranny of various religions to the justice of Islam, from bondage to bondage to bondage to God alone. ”When the Persians insulted him by throwing the earth on his back, the messenger laughed happily,“ Look, they have handed over their land to us. “In the future, the Persians will not only give up their land, they will also give up their hearts for Islam.
A Persian thinker, Ali Syariati, in the personality of “Rasulullah SAW .: From Hijrah to Death”, wrote about the success of the Prophet saw in uprooting the roots of polytheism by putting it in the perspective of the future of the people: “The roots of polytheism have been uprooted from all corners of the Peninsula Arabia. The Temple of Mankind, founded by the Father of the Righteous Religion, Ibrahim, has been cleansed from the stains of idolatry, and the law of God and man has also been embedded in the life of a society that is brotherly to each other. But Muhammad was conscious enough not to be dazzled by the victories he had achieved. He is a man who is able to understand his people more than anyone, and can clearly see the fire of hypocrisy, tribal revenge, primordial spirit and ignorant morals that hide behind the veil of unity of his people that has been shaped by the power of faith and the sharpness of political swords.
“Muhammad is well aware that, although he was able to unite the tribal leaders and the Quraysh authorities under the banner of Islam, but education of the soul, the inculcation of a new faith in the hearts and minds of the people, and the maturation of religious attitudes which have only been separated for twenty years from the mind. His ignorant mind, can’t help but, still takes a very long time and must go through several generations.
“The Prophet, from the beginning, was aware of these threats. But what he fears more is the future of his people who have not long been bound by the ties of brotherhood of faith and who are still dazzled by the victories he has won when he leaves.
“The father will soon leave this universe. But what will happen to the boy who is only twenty years old and who has hundreds of diseases in his body, while he has to stand on his own two feet, after his father died, while having to face the strong winds that hit him from all directions?”
In what way did the Father protect this child Muslim community from the danger of the formation of new idols? He entrusted his people to follow the religious leaders who do not place low importance on the teachings of religion, to those who are cleansed from all filth and purified by God as pure as possible, to the people mentioned in the letter of Al-Ahzab verse 33. He said: “I leave for you are two inheritances that if you hold fast to it you will not go astray forever “, so a definite reference from Allah and His Messenger, so that the people survive both in this world and in the hereafter.
b. From Racial Arrogance to Equality
Because these tribes were isolated in the Sahara, they developed a love for the tribe as a way for them to survive. Loyalty to the tribe later developed into racial pride. They love to count the historical achievements carved by their ancestors. From whose lineage they come is a measure of their degree. Therefore, in Arabic descent is also called hasab (derived from hasiba, to count).
The Prophet saw eliminated racial or ethnic pride. The only measure of glory is pious deeds. He conveyed the word of God: For each person a degree based on the deeds he did (QS. Al-An’am: 132). The essence of humanity lies not in his blood but in his morals. Slowly, the Prophet saw cut one by one the pillars of racial arrogance.
It cuts through the custom of marriage based on equality in lineage. He married the slaves of the belian with the women of the nobility. He said, “I married Zaid ibn Haritsah to Zainab bint Jahasy and I married Miqdad to Dhiba’ah bint Zubair ibn Abdil Muthallib so that they know that the highest glory is Islam and that the most noble among you in the sight of Allah is the most good islam. ”(Kanz Al-Ummâl 313; Makârim Al-Akhlâq 1: 452-1546).
He broke the habit of the Arabs to humiliate the ‘Ajam by paying homage to the companions who came from outside Arabia, such as Salman al-Farisi.
“One day Salman was sitting with the Quraish in the mosque. They are boasting about their lineage in turn. When it came to Salman, Umar bin Khatab asked him, ‘Tell me who are you? Who is your father? What is your origin? ‘ Salman replied, ‘I am Salman the son of a servant of Allah. I used to get lost, then Allah gave me guidance through Muhammad saw. I used to be poor, then Allah enriched me with Muhammad. I used to be a slave, then Allah freed me with Muhammad. This is my lineage and this is my lineage. ‘
“When the Prophet went out and found Salman talking to them, Salman said to the Prophet, ‘O Messenger of Allah, I want to complain about what I got from them. I sat down with them and they began to explain their lineage and brag about it. When it came to me, Umar ibn Khaththab said to me: Tell me who are you? Who is your father? What is your origin? I replied I am Salman the son of a servant of God. I used to get lost, then Allah gave me guidance with Muhammad saw. I used to be poor, then Allah enriched me with Muhammad. I used to be a slave, then Allah freed me with Muhammad. This is my lineage and this is my lineage. ‘
“Rasulullah SAW. said, ‘O people of Quraish, indeed the hasab of man is your religion, his identity is his morals, and his origin is his intellect. Allah SWT. He said: Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Indeed, the noblest of you is the most pious. (Surat al-Hujurat: 13) ‘Furthermore, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to Salman:’ None of them is more important than you except for fear of Allaah. If you are more pious then you are more important than them. ” (Bihâr Al-Anwâr 22: 511).
The mission of the Prophet Muhammad. it was continued by his followers throughout history. Once in a while the habit of ignorance appears, but the pious believers return it to the Sunnah of the Prophet. In the Umayyad era, for example, there was a distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs. But this Umawiyyin tradition did not leave much mark on the Muslims. One day the slaves succeeded in seizing power and establishing an Islamic empire called the Slave Dynasty (Mamlûk).
When the Declaration of Human Rights was echoed, Muslims were re -awakened to the noble heritage of their Prophet. The legacy that we sometimes pile up in the rubble of the golden history of Islam. Consider how Shaykh Ja’far Subhani wrote in the last sentences of his book, Risalah: Sejarah Kehidupan Rasulullah SAW .: “He upheld human rights when those rights were being usurped; he executes justice when tyranny is rampant everywhere; he introduced equality when unnecessary discrimination was commonplace; he gives freedom when human beings are grumbling in oppression, cruelty and injustice.
“He brought pamphlets that taught people to obey and fear Allah alone, asking for help from Him alone. His universal treatise covers all aspects of human life, including rights, justice, equality, and freedom.
Mecca : Mecca comes from the word “imtakka” which means to urge’ or “push”, this city is called “Mecca” because people are crammed there (Mujam Al-Buldan, the word Mecca), Allah says in the Qur’an:
َّنأَوَّلَ بَيْتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِي بِبَكَّةَ مُبَارَكًً وَهُدًى لِّلْعَالَمِينَ
Meaning: “Indeed, the first house built for (place of worship) human beings, is the House in Bakkah (Mecca) which is blessed and a guide for all human beings.” (QS, Ali Imran, 3:96) Mujam Al-Buldan; Yaqut Al-Hamawi, Mauqi Al-Warraq.
Therefore, the name Mecca historically is the name of a country or area that is said to be special, because its name is mentioned directly by Allah in the Qur’an as a city that is blessed and becomes guidance for humans throughout the world.
Geographically, the city of Mecca is located about 600 km south of the city of Medina , approximately 200 km northeast of the city of Jeddah . This city is a narrow valley surrounded by mountains with the Kaaba as its center. Thus, in the past this city was prone to flooding during the rainy season before the Saudi Arabian government finally repaired this city and renovated this city. Like most cities in Saudi Arabia, this city has a desert climate (Wardatul Asiah: 2013: 1).
According to Fuad Jabali, Mecca is also called the city of commerce and is so crowded that it becomes a destination for caravans in Arab countries. As a consequence, unhealthy relations were created among the people of Mecca itself. One of them is the issue of capital which is an unavoidable important issue, because who has strong capital, the greater the influence, and vice versa, for small investors, they will crash and limp, and will go bankrupt, because competition is also very tough .
The Quraysh of Mecca liked to make two trade trips, in winter to South Yemen and in summer to northern Syria. In winter the ships docked in South Yemen carrying trade commodities, especially from areas on the trade route from China, Southeast Asia, India and Persia. Because the ships only came once a year, then of course what they brought was the trading commodities they collected during that year; and that means the Meccans only get trade supplies only once a year. If only when the merchandise arrived they didn’t have enough capital, they didn’t get goods for a year and that meant they couldn’t make a living for a year. The solution they take is only a loan with a fairly high interest rate and ensnares them through moneylenders, and that is usury which will be very miserable and make people poor, because the possibility of trade is not always profitable while he must return the capital with high interest (Fuad Jabali: 2012: 2060-264).
Another thing that is special about this city is that it is called a forbidden city, according to Sofiyudin, meaning that infidels are not allowed to enter this area. Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the cities of Mecca and Medina to a certain extent. The Saudi government marked the boundary according to the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. That’s why these two cities are called Haramain or two Haram Lands.
The limit on haram land that applies to all provisions regarding haram land is the limit on the miqat meal as it applies to pilgrims. So it is at the limits of the miqat that a non-Muslim is no longer allowed to enter it. In the east there is Dzatu ‘Irqin, which is the boundary for people who enter from the direction of Iraq. A little to the south, still in the east, there is Qarnul Manazil. The southernmost, namely from the direction of the land of Yemen, is Yalamlam. Meanwhile, from the north, a few kilometers from the city of Medina, there is Bi’ru Ali, or also known as Dzil Hilaifah. In the west there is Juhfah or also called Rabigh. (Sofudin Muhammad, 2013: 1) ( History of the city of Makkah as a Haram city; Paper May 25, 2013) .
About this forbidden land Allah says :
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلاَ يَقْرَبُواْ الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَـذَا وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِ إِن شَاء إِنَّ اللّهَ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ ﴿٢٨﴾
Meaning: “O you who believe, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so do not let them approach the Sacred Mosque after this year. And if you fear poverty, then Allah will give you wealth from His bounty, if He wills. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise ” (QS, At-Taubah; 9: 28) .
Thus Allah explains clearly that the city of Mecca is a city that is privileged for the believers, so that it is unlawful for polytheists and infidels to inhabit the area and it is fully preserved without any gaps to be disturbed and injured. Any disbeliever or polytheist who enters the area will surely be known by the Muslims.
B. The Prophet’s Da’wah in Medina
HIJRAH : The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad to Medina, of course, is part of a very monumental process of Islamic history, because this event shows how brilliant a leader thinks about the prospects of his people, to do something right and careful, as an illustration of his sidiq, trustful nature. , fathonah and tabligh . He thinks straight and strategically so as to ensure the stability of his preaching continues without being stopped by disturbances that threaten him. One of the things that the Prophet SAW did was to order his people to migrate from Mecca to Medina.
Hijrah carried out by the Muslims as an anticipatory strategy, with the aim of saving the ummah, due to the pressure of the Quraish with various threats and intimidation and intrigue that is so cruel, as explained by Aziz Akbar Hakim in his writing “That the Quraish with all efforts will paralyze the movement of Muhammad SAW . This is evidenced by the boycott they carried out on Bani Hashim and Bani Mutahlib. Among the boycotts are; severing marital ties, severing trade ties, pilgrimage and others. The boycott is written on shahifah paper or placards hung in the Kaaba and will not be removed before the Prophet Muhammad SAW. stop his movements. Prophet Muhammad SAW. feel that Mecca is no longer suitable as a center for Islamic da’wah …” (Aziz Akbar Hakim’s Blog: 2012:2).
The implementation of the hijrah from Mecca to Medina took place with a full strategy designed by the Prophet Muhammad. so that it can take place well, “… The Prophet did not immediately declare the plan of hijrah openly to his ummah” … but he asked his followers to leave Mecca for Medina secretly, not in groups and only bring enough provisions. This was done so that the Quraysh did not realize that something important was happening…” The Prophet himself decided not to leave Mecca until all his followers had left safely..(Fuad Jabali: 2011:231-231).
When the Quraysh disbelievers found out that the supporters of the Prophet were moving to Medina, they tried to prevent Muhammad from staying in Mecca, because they were afraid that the Prophet could build the strength of the Muslim community in Medina, so that the Prophet’s residence was continuously monitored. But the Prophet kept trying his best to get out to Medina with the belief that he had to win the battle and surely Allah would guarantee it. Not long after, he planned to move to Medina with his best friend, namely Abu Bakr and managed to trick the Quraysh who surrounded his house with the right strategy, until he finally arrived in Medina safely.
According to Fuad Jabali (2012; 233) “after the death of the Prophet, the concept of hijrah has facilitated the Muslim community to build the foundation of an Islamic society in new areas. It was unavoidable that the expansion of Islam eventually brought him together with Persia and Rome, which were the two great powers at that time. The successors of the Prophet, especially Umar, had to mobilize the Islamic community to areas far from Medina to face the Persian and Roman armies who were known to be very strong…” Facing this challenge, Umar encouraged the Muslim community, especially Arabs who were still Muslim, to emigrate to places where they belonged. new place.
The association between converting to Islam and emigration is so strong that, for the Muslim community, a person who converts to Islam but does not emigrate is considered to be imperfect in his faith, or whoever does not emigrate is woe to him. Therefore this concept was very effective in building a new power of Islam, so that Medina now had such a large army that the Quraysh did not even have the courage to face it.This happened when the Prophet decided to perform Umrah to Makkah by bringing Muslims who were already in Medina. This was a kind of demonstration of new strength to the disbelievers of Quraysh and succeeded. They were frightened and asked the Prophet to cancel his umrah intention. After negotiations, the peace of Hudaibiyah took place. Because the disbelievers of Quraysh violated the agreed agreement, the Prophet decided to bring his army to Mecca and ended with the fall of Mecca into the hands of the Muslims without bloodshed.
The context of hijrah in Islam is not only simple in terms of moving but is broader, namely as a strategy to make a big change so that Muslims can prove themselves as rahmatan lil’alamin. Another context that can be used as a valuable lesson from the Prophet’s migration to Medina is how a realistic example in jihad fii sabililah with sincerity, he fought tirelessly for the sake of a better future for the people, although with great and priceless sacrifices, but with absolute confidence. Allah is with him, finally the desired goal is achieved.
DAKWAH STRATEGY: The Prophet’s da’wah in Medina could not be separated from strategy, because with that we could achieve maximum results. Talking about the strategic content (Steps) of the Apostle’s da’wah cannot be separated from explaining the steps of the Apostle in carrying out his da’wah while in Medina until he succeeded in establishing a Darr-Al-Islam. When the Prophet set foot in Medina, there were several steps he took within the framework of his da’wah, including:
1. Paying attention to social aspects, psychological aspects and pedagogical aspects
As soon as he arrived in Madinah, he was greeted by the Muslims with such a moving and joyful response. He did not stop at someone’s house, but let his camel stop where he agreed. his friends. Why did the Apostle act like that? The Prophet understood very well about the social and psychological conditions of the people of Medina like that, all of them would want their respected leader to stop at his house, of course they would feel proud and honored if the one he idolized had stopped at his house, if not wise then a social crisis could occur which less good and there may be some groups who feel unappreciated. Therefore, there is a pedagogical aspect that he did, so that all parties feel protected, namely letting the camel he was riding where it stopped and there the Apostle stopped and there the mosque was built. (The sentence is simplified and clearer)
The da’wah strategy by taking into account the social, psychological and pedagogical aspects is very appropriate because with this approach the da’wah will take place wisely and not cause harmful social conflicts, and on the other hand there will be social balance and high social solidarity among the people.
2. Building Worship Facilities (Mosques)
After stopping in Medina quietly and the companions and the ummah under control, the Prophet saw the need to immediately think about the further development of the ummah, and it required a strategic and easy-to-implement place. Therefore the second step in his da’wah strategy in Medina was to build a mosque. because the function or role of the mosque is:
a. Mosque as a means of training Muslims in the field of faith, worship, and morals.
b. The mosque is a means of worship, especially the five daily prayers, Friday prayers, Tarawih prayers, Eid prayers and Eid al-Adha. (omitted because there is an Eid prayer in the field)
c. The mosque is a place to learn and teach about Islam which is based on the Qur’an and Hadith.
d. The mosque as a meeting place to establish brotherly relations among Muslims (ukhuwah Islamiah) for the realization of unity.
e. Making the mosque as a means of social activities. For example, as a shelter for zakat, infaq, and alms and distribute it to those who are entitled to receive it, especially the poor and abandoned orphans.
f. Making the courtyard of the mosque by putting up a tent, as a place of treatment for the sick, especially the Islamic fighters who suffered injuries from the war against the infidels. (Murodi, 2009: 18)
(Murodi, History of Islamic Culture, (Semarang: PT Karya Toha Putra, 2009), p. 18.)
Through this second strategy, it is quite effective, and the condition of the Muslim community is getting stronger and stronger, both in terms of aqidah, worship and moral nobility.
3. Improving Ukhuwah (Brotherhood)
Improving ukhuwah (brotherhood) is very important because brotherhood can bind the unity and unity of a strong ummah, so that the unity of the ummah is realized which will become a force that is difficult to beat.
One of the strategies of the Prophet’s da’wah in Madinah was to unite the Muhajireen and the Ashar. This was done so that the Muhajireen get the recognition of the Ashar people to feel appreciated by the Muhajireen, until these two caravans are united in one bond (Ukhwah Islamiyah).
At that time, Rasulullah befriended the figures of Muhajir and Anshor, such as: “… Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib, uncle of Rasulullah SAW, was related to Zaid bin Haritsah, who was later adopted by Rasulullah SAW. Abu Bakr ash-Shiddiq, was intermarried with Kharizah bin Zaid. Umar ibn Khattab was related to Itban ibn Malik al-Khazraji (Ansar). Abdurrahman bin Auf was related to Sa’ad bin Rabi (Ansar). “
“… Brotherhood in pairs like that, it turns out that the Muhajirin and Ansar have a better brotherly relationship. They love each other, love each other, respect each other, and help each other in goodness and piety.
The Ansar sincerely provided assistance to the Muhajireen in the form of shelter, clothing, and other necessary items. However, the Muhajireen did not remain silent, they tried their best to earn a living in order to live independently. For example, Abdurrahman ibn Auf became a trader, Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Khattab and Ali ibn Abu Talib became a date farmer.
The Muhajireen who did not have a place to live and a livelihood by the Prophet SAW were placed in the roofed part of the Prophet’s Mosque called the Suffa and they were called Ahlus Suffa (residents of the Suffa). Their needs are met by the Muhajireen and the Ansar through gotong-royong. The activities of Ahlus Suffa include learning and memorizing the Qur’an and Hadith, then teaching it to others. Meanwhile, when there is a war between the Muslims and the infidels, they join the war “(Murodi, 2009; 190)
The impact of this strategy is so broad, both on life, personal, family and on the pattern of social life, when the Prophet gave any command they sami’na wa’athona (they listen and obey).
4. Managing Diplomatic Relations through the Medina Charter
The population of Medina is not homogeneous, consisting of the Aus, Khazraj and Jewish clans, the group always has endless conflicts with each power being balanced so that the solution is not easy. No one loses and no one wins and their lives continue to be tense without knowing how it ends. (corrected sentence structure)
Understanding the social conditions of the people of Medina like that, it is necessary to arrange diplomatic relations that are elegant and acceptable to various parties, so that the Muslims can show themselves as people who have the symbol as “ Rahmatan lil’alamien”
Armed with the nobility and intelligence of the Prophet, the long-standing problem of Medina could be resolved with the birth of the “Medina Charter”.
According to Ibn Hisham, Rasulullah SAW made an agreement with the non-Muslim residents of Madinah and it is contained in the Charter of Madinah. The Medina Charter, among others, contains:
Each of the three groups of the people of Medina has personal, religious and political rights. In this regard, every group of the people of Madinah has the right to punish those who do damage and give peace to those who obey the rules.
Every individual resident of Medina is guaranteed freedom of religion.
All the inhabitants of the city of Madinah, which consists of Muslims, Jews and Arabs who have not converted to Islam, should help each other in the moral and material fields. When Madinah was attacked by the enemy, then all the people of Madinah had to help each other in defending the city of Madinah.
Rasulullah SAW is the leader of the entire population of Madinah. All matters and major disputes that occurred in Medina must be submitted to the Prophet SAW to be judged as it should be. (Samsul Munir, 2010: 69.)
According to Haikal, this is the political document that Muhammad has laid down since one thousand three hundred and fifty years ago and which has established the existence of freedom of religion, freedom of expression: about the safety of property and the prohibition of people committing crimes. It has opened a new door of political life and world civilization of that time. The world, which has so far been only a game of tyrannical hands, is dominated by sheer cruelty and destruction.
esame m ereka in order to respect all the rights and all kinds of freedoms that have been mutually agreed in this document. (Haikal: Cet.ke 10, 2012: 205). (discarded or revisited correct citations)
That is the arrangement of diplomatic relations aimed at (created) by the Prophet in managing the first Muslim state in Medina, so that this problem becomes the right prototype for all Muslim elements wherever they are. God willing, in this way a good country and full of God’s forgiveness can be formed (Baldatun Tyobatun Warrabun Ghafu ofu r). Baldatun Toyibatun Warobbun Ghofur)
MADINAH : Madinah atau Madinah Al Munawwarah : The city of the Messenger of God atau city , ( also Madinat Rasul Allah, Madīnah an-Nabī) is a major (Corrected Writings) city in Saudi Arabia . It is a city that is crowded or visited by Muslims. There is the Prophet’s Mosque which has rewards and advantages for Muslims. Today, its population is about 600,000 people. For Muslims this city is considered the second holy city. During the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW , this city became the center of Islamic preaching, teaching and government . From this city, Islam spread to the whole of the Arabian Peninsula ( Arabia ) and then to the whole world .
In the time before Islam flourished, the city of Medina was called Yathrib, known as a center of trade. Then when the Prophet Muhammad SAW migrated from Mecca , this city was renamed Medina as the center of Islamic development until he died and was buried there. Furthermore, this city became the center of the caliphate as the successor of the Prophet Muhammad. There are three caliphs who ruled from this city, namely Abu Bakr , Umar bin Khattab , and Uthman bin Affan . At the time of Ali ibn Abi Talib the government was moved to Kufa in Iraqbecause of the political turmoil due to the killing of the caliph Uthman by the rebels. Furthermore, when the power shifted to the Umayyads , the government was transferred to Damascus and when the government moved to the Abbasids , the government was transferred to the city of Baghdad . At the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, the inhabitants of the city of Medina were Muslims and Jews whose existence was protected. However, because of the betrayal committed against the people of Medina during the Ahzab war , the Jews were expelled from Medina. (Wikipedi.org: 2013: Free Encyclopedia: 1)