Quotations are borrowing sentences or opinions or ideas of others from certain sources that have been tested based on research or scientific works . One of the purposes of citations is to support arguments in your own writing. Citations can be used as proof of reference text. The function of the citation is to strengthen or strengthen the opinion or idea represented in a scientific article.
Furthermore, citing scientific articles is carried out to avoid authors from the term plagiarism or plagiarism that violates copyright. Knowledge of citations is a must for anyone who wants to be a writer. There are two ways of quoting: Direct and indirect quotations. In addition to strengthening arguments and avoiding plagiarism, quotations can be used for theoretical basis, explanation of a description, or as supporting evidence of an argument so that it becomes a well-founded argument, not unfounded .
The results of research writing must be the ideas of the original author, not a series of quotes from other authors. Therefore, if you want to cite, we should consider not always using direct citations, try to vary the citations indirectly. Citations should be able to develop research ideas. Not only that, citations should allow the development of research ideas.
How to Write a Quote
There are two methods of citing from various reference sources, namely the note method and the direct method. In the first method, the reference elements, namely the author’s name, year, and page, are not displayed directly, while in the second method they are displayed. In the first method, at the end of the quote, Arabic numerals are displayed, which are written slightly upwards with a smaller font size or superscript . Then the footnote or footnote will refer to that number. In addition, it is important to know the principles of citation, which will be explained below, especially for direct quotation types.
- Do not make any changes unless necessary for a specific purpose and the description in parentheses must be included.
Example: ( in bold by author )
- If there is an error in the quote, you cannot correct it.
Keep it as it is, and include a short note [sic!] Which means that errors from the original text or manuscript and the author (citer) are not responsible for such errors.
For example:… it has drinking [sic!] Which means double.
- What to do if any part of the citation is missing.
The quoted part may be omitted as long as it does not cause a change in meaning. For the omission of sentence parts with three points. If more than one line is omitted, it is replaced with a one-line period.
Types of Quotes
Direct Quote
Direct citations are types of citations that take the exact same thing from the original source. Direct citations consist of several types, namely direct citations that consist of less than four lines and more than four lines.
How to write a direct quote that consists of less than four lines
- Excerpts must be embedded in the text.
- Two spaces must be spaced between rows.
- Quotes are in between double quotes.
- List the source with the author’s name, year of publication, and page number in parentheses.
Examples of direct citations of less than four lines:
- Kushartanti (2005, p. 15) says, “Deixis is a way of pointing to something that is highly dependent on the context of the speaker.”
- “Katafora is defined as a reference to a pronoun whose antecedent is located on the right or mentioned later” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 33).
How to write a direct quote over four lines
- Citation is separated by three spaces from the text.
- The spacing between lines of quotation marks is 1 space.
- Quotes can be enclosed in quotation marks (“…”) or not. After citing, the source must be included.
Examples of direct citations of more than four lines
Blom and Hansen (2015) equate the term forward reference as the main feature of clickbait and say, “ Forward-referring headlines are primarily used as click bait offline the readers into clicking on and reading the full article [sic!]…” (Blom and Hansen , in Antunes, 2016: 8). Forward references are used to create a sort of information gap between the headline and the article that sparks curiosity among readers and, therefore, increases their likelihood of clicking on the headline.
Indirect Quotes
An indirect quote is a type of quote that captures its essence, without compromising the meaning of the sentence itself. So, to write this type of quote, you can either summarize / sum up the opinion or write its essence in your own style.
How to write an indirect quote
- Quotes merge with text.
- Spacing between lines of quotation marks is twice a space
- Citations not preceded by quotation marks / double quotation marks (“…”)
- After the quotes, include the source.
Examples of indirect citations:
- Lyons (in Purwo, 1984, p. 2) says that Deixis is used to describe the function of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, functions of time, and various other grammatical and lexical characteristics that connect speech with the fabric of space and time in speech acts.
- Bogdan and Taylor (in Moeloeng, 2010, p. 4) explain that qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior.